Journal of the West is a journal dedicated to the study of the history, culture, society, and intellectual life of the western regions, broadly defined. The journal welcomes original research that advances historical understanding through critical analysis, archival research, and interdisciplinary perspectives grounded in historical inquiry. Journal of the West ISSN: 0022-5169 / E-ISSN: 1930-0115 Published by: ABC-CLIO Indexed by: Web of Science (AHCI)
The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency (AIPA): A Strategic Actor in the Development of the Algerian National Economy
Algeria has made significant efforts to promote its national economy by supporting and encouraging both domestic and foreign investment. To this end, the Algerian legislature enacted Law No. 22-18 of 12 July 2022 on Investment, establishing the Algerian Investment Promotion Agency (AIPA) as the principal institution responsible for promoting and developing investment in Algeria. From a legislative perspective, the 2022 Investment Law represented an important opportunity to reconsider the Agency's institutional framework and strengthen it through a set of legal guarantees enabling it to perform broader responsibilities and exercise greater powers. These reforms were intended to enhance the Agency's capacity to promote and attract both domestic and foreign investment, as reflected in the incentives and advantages granted to investors under the new Investment Law. Accordingly, this paper aims to examine the legal and institutional framework governing the Algerian Investment Promotion Agency as a key institutional mechanism for investment governance in Algeria. It analyzes the legal provisions establishing the Agency, identifies its principal functions and responsibilities, and assesses its role in promoting investment and attracting domestic and foreign investors.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIO: ECONOMIC FACTORS AFEECTING THE LEARNING OF CHILDREN: A CASE STUDY OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN HAYATABAD, PESHAWAR
The purpose of this research paper is to find out the socio: economic factors that affect the learning performances of the children. The factors taken into consideration in this research are the income, health, the use of technology, the parental involvement with the children and the size of the family. As nowadays these factors have a direct impact on the learning of the children. So, the purpose is to find the relation between the performance and the factors. A questionnaire is prepared which contained all the general information that related to the academic performance. And the data was collected from a group of 40 different students studying from class fourth to class seventh in private schools. The data collected was organized, tabulated and analyzed in a proper way and the use of statistical Chi Square and charts was used. The results showed an impact of the variables on the student learning performances as the income of the parent has a positive impact on the performance of the student, also the health and the size of the family has a positive effect on the performance of the student. The use of technology had an adverse effect on the performance of the student while the involvement of parent has a positive outcome on the students’ academic results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ali, Prof. Dr. Zahid Anwar Khan, Samreen Haider Naqvi, Syed Shabir Hussain, Arsalan Mehmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biophilic Architecture and Human Well-Being: Designing Healthier Built Environments
The increasing pace of urbanization, environmental degradation, and changing lifestyles have significantly altered the relationship between humans and the natural environment. Modern buildings often prioritize functionality and technological advancement while limiting occupants' interaction with natural elements, contributing to physical health issues, psychological stress, reduced productivity, and declining overall well-being. In response to these challenges, biophilic architecture has emerged as an innovative design approach that integrates nature into the built environment to enhance human health, environmental sustainability, and quality of life. By incorporating natural light, vegetation, water features, natural ventilation, organic materials, and nature-inspired spatial designs, biophilic architecture creates healthier, more restorative, and resilient indoor and outdoor environments. the role of biophilic architecture in promoting human well-being through the design of healthier built environments. the theoretical foundations of biophilic design and its application across residential, commercial, educational, healthcare, and public buildings. design principles, including visual and physical connections with nature, the use of natural materials, biodiversity integration, daylight optimization, indoor vegetation, green roofs, vertical gardens, and landscape-sensitive planning. Emerging technologies such as smart environmental controls, Building Information Modeling (BIM), and sustainable building systems are also examined for their contribution to enhancing biophilic design outcomes.
A Comparative Study of Amphibian Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change
Amphibians are among the most vulnerable taxa to the consequences of climate change due to their complex life cycles, which encompass both aquatic and terrestrial stages, their transparent skin, and their reliance on moisture. Amphibians in arid climates, tropical regions, and temperate zones all deal with climate change in their own unique ways. Physiological alterations such as changes in heat tolerance limits, metabolic flexibility, and changes in water retention are also investigated, along with behavioral modifications such as changes in breeding phenology, microhabitat selection, and nocturnal activity patterns. To achieve this, it integrates data from the field with ecological modeling and the most current findings from experiments. In order to determine the rate of adaptive evolution in amphibians, we also examine their genetic and epigenetic plasticity. Studying species with different levels of adaptability reveals that some populations are able to withstand threats like habitat loss, disease, and limited dispersal capacity, while other populations experience fast declines. The uneven distribution of adaptive capability within amphibian clades calls for conservation measures that include protected habitats, climate refugia, and assisted migration programs.
The Semantics of Prepositions in Surat al-Naṣr
This study investigates the semantic significance of the prepositions “fī” (في) and “bi” (الباء) in Surah An-Nasr, considering them as limited yet semantically dense elements that contribute significantly to the surah’s overall meaning and purpose. The research stems from the problem that the restriction to these two prepositions in a short surah, rich in doctrinal and historical content, cannot be coincidental; rather, it is closely linked to a semantic function that extends beyond lexical meaning to the construction of the text’s pragmatic and intentional significance. The study hypothesizes that the preposition “fī” in the verse: ﴿وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا﴾ conveys the notion of immersion and stability, portraying entry into the religion as a profound existential integration rather than a mere external act, aligning with the surah’s aim of indicating the completion of divine victory and full empowerment. Meanwhile, the preposition “bi” in ﴿فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ﴾ is interpreted, most plausibly, as indicating concomitance, whereby the act of glorifying God is inseparable from praising Him, thus guiding the transition from the external historical event to an internal, devotional posture—consistent with the surah’s purpose of concluding the prophetic mission with gratitude, worship, and preparation for meeting God. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine the grammatical and rhetorical functions of the two prepositions within their context, supplemented by a contextual-intentional approach linking the micro-level semantic effects to the surah’s overall structure, and drawing upon exegetical sources to determine and justify the preferred interpretations. The study concludes that these prepositions do not merely serve a syntactic connective function; rather, they play a pivotal role in shaping the surah’s semantic trajectory—from announcing the external victory to guiding the Prophet ﷺ toward an internal, devotional acknowledgment—demonstrating that even minor grammatical elements in the Qur’anic text are integral to the realization of its major purposes.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Corporate Sustainability: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with the potential to accelerate corporate sustainability by enhancing operational efficiency, optimizing resource utilization, and supporting environmentally and socially responsible business practices. As organizations increasingly align their strategies with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), AI-driven technologies such as machine learning, predictive analytics, natural language processing, computer vision, and intelligent automation are becoming integral to sustainable decision-making. These technologies enable organizations to monitor energy consumption, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve waste management, strengthen sustainable supply chain operations, and enhance transparency in sustainability reporting. AI also facilitates data-driven governance by enabling real-time monitoring of sustainability performance and improving the accuracy of ESG disclosures. AI into corporate sustainability presents several challenges. Issues related to data privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, ethical decision-making, high implementation costs, digital infrastructure requirements, and the significant energy consumption of AI systems continue to hinder widespread adoption. Furthermore, organizations often face barriers such as a shortage of skilled professionals, regulatory uncertainty, resistance to organizational change, and difficulties in measuring the long-term sustainability outcomes of AI initiatives. Addressing these challenges requires a balanced approach that combines technological innovation with responsible governance, stakeholder engagement, and supportive public policies.
Factors Influencing Entrepreneurship Dynamics in Saudi Arabia
This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the dynamics of entrepreneurship in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in the context of the economic and developmental transformations the Kingdom is undergoing, particularly within the framework of Saudi Vision 2030. Entrepreneurial dynamics are a modern concept that focuses on studying the evolution of entrepreneurial activity and the factors that influence the creation, growth, and sustainability of ventures within the economic, social, and institutional environment. The study concluded that entrepreneurial dynamics in the Kingdom are influenced by a set of interrelated factors, including supportive government policies, access to financing, human capital development, and the promotion of innovation and digital transformation. The study further concludes that Saudi Arabia possesses a well-developed entrepreneurial ecosystem that contributes to supporting entrepreneurial dynamics and stimulating innovation; however, the continued achievement of these goals requires strengthening integration among the various components of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, developing entrepreneurial skills, and increasing financing and investment opportunities in promising sectors. The study emphasizes that Vision 2030 represents a strategic opportunity to strengthen the Kingdom's position as one of the leading entrepreneurial ecosystems at the regional and global levels.
Causes, Coping Mechanisms, and Institutional Support for Professional Athletes' Mental Health
Athletes confront tremendous psychological and physiological demands in professional sports, making mental health an urgent issue. the mental health issues faced by elite athletes, with an emphasis on the factors that contribute to these issues, ways in which athletes deal with them, and the part played by support networks in these situations. Athletes are more likely to suffer from mental health issues including depression, anxiety, and burnout due to factors like performance anxiety, dread of failing, stress from injuries, public scrutiny, and job insecurity. a multi-method approach that examines the impact and management of mental health concerns on athletes by utilizing theories from psychology, data from empirical studies, and real-life examples. It emphasizes both healthy ways of dealing with stress, like meditation, therapy, and social support, and unhealthy ways, such abusing substances or avoiding other people emotionally. Access to mental health specialists, awareness campaigns, and legislative initiatives to decrease stigma are some of the institutional frameworks offered by sports organizations that the study goes on to assess.
The Impact of Recreational Bodybuilding Practice on the Level of Psychological Stress Among Final-Year Students
Secondary education, particularly the final year of high school (the Baccalaureate year), is considered one of the most sensitive and stressful stages in a student's academic life. The Baccalaureate examination represents a crucial gateway to higher education and future career opportunities. During this period, students face increasing psychological pressure resulting from the accumulation of academic subjects, intense competition, parental pressure, and societal expectations. These factors may lead to various psychological symptoms such as anxiety, stress, depression, sleep disorders, and difficulties with concentration. If these pressures are not effectively managed, they can negatively affect students' academic performance, health, and social well-being. In light of this reality, there has been a growing need to identify effective and practical methods for reducing psychological stress without relying solely on medication or traditional psychological support. Among these methods is recreational physical activity, which numerous recent studies have demonstrated to have positive effects on both mental and physical health. Recreational activities, in their various forms, stimulate the release of "feel-good" hormones such as endorphins, help relieve negative emotions, enhance self-confidence, and provide an enjoyable environment that allows students to relax and break away from the rigid routine of academic life.
The Regulatory Power of the Banking Commission in Sanctioning Violations Under Law No. 23-09: Effectiveness of Supervision vs. Judicial Guarantees
The banking system constitutes a fundamental pillar of the national economy, necessitating strict legal regulation and effective supervision to ensure its stability. Within this framework, Algerian Law No. 23/09 assigns the Banking Commission broad supervisory and disciplinary powers over banks and financial institutions. This study addresses the extent to which the Commission’s discretionary authority achieves a balance between effective regulatory control and the protection of defense rights under administrative judicial review. It adopts an analytical method through the examination of legal provisions governing the Commission’s powers, complemented by a descriptive approach to its supervisory and disciplinary mechanisms, and a comparative perspective inspired by French administrative jurisprudence. The findings reveal that the Commission exercises its control through document-based and on-site inspections and applies a graduated system of preventive measures and disciplinary sanctions. While the legislator has established procedural guarantees, including the right of defense and judicial appeal, the wide scope of discretionary power may lead to potential misuse. Moreover, judicial oversight remains limited, particularly regarding the assessment of proportionality and appropriateness of sanctions. The study concludes that achieving an effective balance requires strengthening procedural safeguards and expanding judicial control to ensure that the Commission’s powers are exercised in line with legality and the protection of rights.
The Current State of Scalability Challenges in Quantum Computing and Their Prospects for the Future Development
The advent of quantum computing has the potential to transform several industries by providing solutions to difficult issues that traditional computers have so far failed to tackle. Nevertheless, scalability remains a major challenge to the practical implementation of quantum computing. a thorough review of the present situation regarding quantum computing's scaling issues and investigates potential future approaches to resolving these issues. Integrating quantum and classical systems, ensuring quantum gate fidelity, minimizing error rates, and maintaining qubit coherence are all critical concerns with scalability. We take a look at recent developments in qubit technology that may improve scalability, including superconducting qubits, trapped ions, and topological qubits. in order to keep qubit coherence over long processes, error correction methods such as surface codes and concatenated codes are crucial. Also, important milestones towards scalable quantum computing include developing quantum networking and integrating quantum processors into bigger architectures. The route to practical and scalable quantum computing is being illuminated by creative research and technological developments that tackle these problems. This will allow for the technology to have a profound impact on society, industry, and science.
Joe Lefors-Frontier Marshall and Early Law Enforcement in the Old West
Article examines the frontier marshal Joe Lefors and his early life and career, as well as his famous encounters with the outlaws Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Lefors career is a microcosm of the difficulties for establishing law and order in the American West. The author examines Lefor’s own memoirs as well as critics of Lefor’s own accounts and modern cinematic portrayals of Lefors.
New Advancements in Quantum Computing and Their Implications for the Future of Information
There has been a great amount of interest in recent developments in quantum computing due to the fact that these improvements have the potential to change a variety of industries, including cryptography and optimization problems. This article provides a comprehensive assessment of recent advancements in quantum computing and quantum information theory, with a particular emphasis on noteworthy discoveries in the areas of qubit stability, error correction codes, and the design of quantum algorithms. A number of significant accomplishments have been accomplished, including the demonstration of quantum supremacy in particular tasks and the advancement of scalable quantum processors. Taking a look into the future, the potential of quantum computing to solve difficult computational problems, as well as its implications for scientific simulations and cybersecurity, are highlighted. An outlook on the obstacles that need to be conquered in order to realize the full potential of quantum technologies in the years to come is presented as the final section of the published paper.
The History of the Labour Party’s Clause IV in Britain (1918- 1997)
Clause IV of the Labour Party Constitution has long been regarded as one of the defining statements of British democratic socialism and a cornerstone of the party's ideological identity. Adopted in 1918 under the influence of Sidney Webb and the Fabian Society, the original clause committed the Labour Party to the common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, reflecting the party's aspiration to achieve social justice through democratic and parliamentary means. Throughout the twentieth century, Clause IV shaped Labour's economic and political agenda, particularly during the post-Second World War Attlee Government, when extensive nationalization and the expansion of the welfare state were implemented. However, changing economic conditions, the rise of neoliberalism, and Labour's repeated electoral defeats during the 1980s, generated intense internal debates over the relevance of the clause. These debates culminated in the historic revision of Clause IV in 1995 under Tony Blair, whose New Labour project replaced the commitment to common ownership with principles emphasizing a dynamic market economy, social justice, partnership, and equality of opportunity. This article examines the historical evolution of Clause IV from its origins in 1918 to its contemporary significance within the Labour Party. It explores the political, ideological, and constitutional factors that shaped its development and assesses the implications of its transformation for Labour's identity, democratic socialism, and British politics. The study argues that the history of Clause IV reflects the Labour Party's broader adaptation to changing social, economic, and electoral realities while illustrating the enduring tension between socialist ideals and political pragmatism in modern Britain.
Effects of Physiotherapy for Cardiac Rehabilitation on Patients' Post-MI Quality of Life
Patients who are recovering from myocardial infarction (MI) have the potential to considerably improve their quality of life (QoL) through the usage of cardiac rehabilitation physiotherapy. Through the integration of fitness training, patient education, and psychological support, the objective of this structured program is to promote the restoration of physical function, the maintenance of heart health, and the prevention of future occurrences. There is a high likelihood that patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction may experience physical deconditioning, emotional distress, and difficulties in their lifestyle, all of which have the potential to hinder the entire process of recovery. a multimodal approach to cardiac rehabilitation that lays an emphasis on the role that individualized physiotherapy therapies play in strengthening physical endurance, lowering the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and addressing mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression. Based on research that is supported by evidence, it has been demonstrated that physiotherapy is beneficial in terms of improving cardiac efficiency, reducing the number of times patients need to be readmitted to the hospital, and enhancing the overall well-being of patients. There are a number of significant outcomes that show the necessity of including physiotherapy into the standard protocols for cardiac rehabilitation. These outcomes include greater exercise tolerance, superior disease control, and enhanced mental resilience. By addressing both the physical and psychosocial aspects of the illness, physiotherapy for cardiac rehabilitation provides a holistic approach to restoring health and quality of life for those who have suffered a myocardial infarction (MI). This is accomplished by treating both the components of the condition.
The Contribution of Tax Incentive Policy to Promoting Investment in Algeria "An Analytical Study on the Impact of Tax Incentives on the Investment Landscape (2002–2026)"
This study aims to examine the policy of fiscal incentives—including its objectives and its role in attracting investors and promoting investment—and to highlight the contribution of this policy to investment promotion in Algeria during the 2002–2026 period. This is achieved by analysing the legislative framework governing the fiscal incentive system within Algerian investment law and assessing its impact on the investment landscape and indicators in Algeria. The study concluded that the policy of generous tax incentives and benefits—embodied in successive investment laws in Algeria during the period under review—failed to achieve its objectives of promoting investment. This failure is attributed to other factors related to the investment climate, necessitating greater efforts by the state to correct the imbalances that have distorted the investment climate.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Consumer Perceptions and Behavioral Trends Regarding Electric Vehicles
In order to promote sustainable transportation systems and decrease carbon emissions, electric cars (EVs) need to be extensively employed. Cultural, economic, and social variables all play a role in explaining why the adoption rate of electric vehicles varies greatly among regions. A global poll revealed how customers feel and what they do in relation to EVs. Various consumer viewpoints from important global regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia are analyzed in this study to determine cultural and contextual elements that influence individuals' decisions to buy electric automobiles. explores the effects of factors like environmental consciousness, tax breaks, perceptions of EV efficiency, and government regulations on buyer attitude. It also delves at how customers' tech expertise, social variables, and the availability of infrastructure affect their likely to purchase electric automobiles. The article suggests ways to boost EV acceptance globally by exploring the cultural settings in which these elements interact, the factors that influence adoption, and the arguments for and against EV adoption.
Developing a Predictive Model Using Machine Learning Algorithms (Python) to Estimate Muscle Injury Risks Based on Daily Training Loads
This applied predictive study aims to develop an intelligent model using machine learning algorithms (Python) to estimate muscle injury risks in athletes based on combined daily training load metrics (internal physiological and external mechanical loads). The study utilized a dataset comprising (20) training records containing the following variables: session duration, intensity, Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE), heart rate, total distance, and sprints. The Random Forest classifier was implemented to build the predictive framework, and the dataset was partitioned into an 80% training set and 20% isolated testing set using stratified sampling to ensure statistical balance. The model evaluation results demonstrated absolute predictive efficiency and a superior capacity to separate training workload patterns. The algorithm achieved an overall Accuracy, Precision, and Recall of 100.00% on the testing set, with zero false alarms or hidden critical cases, Furthermore, feature importance analysis revealed that total distance and session duration were the most critical indicators influencing injury prediction, sharing the highest relative weight of (0.2400 each), followed closely by heart rate at (0.2000). The study concludes with a strong recommendation for sports clubs to adopt machine learning models as daily early-warning systems to support proactive decision-making and dynamically adjust training dosages, thereby mitigating muscle injury occurrences before they manifest on the field.
Automotive Industry Challenges and Opportunities from Electric Vehicle Technology
Technological advancement, environmental concerns, and regulatory requirements have driven the rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) sector in recent years. Carmakers must innovate electric mobility solutions to meet customer demand for greener, more efficient cars. innovative electric car technology, focusing on battery technology, charging infrastructure, vehicle performance, and renewable energy system integration. The automotive industry must overcome high manufacturing prices, an inadequate charging infrastructure, and battery challenges like range and charge duration to improve electric vehicle technology. These technological advances improve energy efficiency, cut prices, and allow electric vehicles to connect to smart grids and renewable power sources. The importance of technical innovation in removing barriers to electric vehicle use and achieving a sustainable, low-carbon future will be studied through current trends, future technologies, and industry efforts. proposals for helping the electric car sector overcome challenges and capitalize on opportunities
Organizational Behavior as a Driver of Organizational Culture Development in Sports Settings: Field Study on The Medea’ State School Sports League.
Organizational behavior serves as a critical driver in shaping the cultural fabric of sports institutions. To explore this dynamic, the present study adopted a descriptive survey design, utilizing a structured questionnaire to gather data from all members of the Médéa State School Sports League via a comprehensive survey. The study revealed the existence of a distinctive organizational culture, characterized by values, beliefs, and administrative practices grounded in cooperation and mutual respect. Furthermore, its members exhibit positive organizational behavior (i.e., group behavior), which plays a pivotal role in the development of organizational culture among the members of the State School Sports League. Drawing upon the findings of the present research, this study proposes and advocates for a strategic focus on the fundamental dimensions of collective behavior within sports organizations—specifically, teamwork, leadership, and communication—alongside systematic efforts to refine them. Such refinement is critical to developing a workforce defined by professional relationships rooted in respect and cooperation. Moreover, it is imperative to align staff behaviors and values with the ethos of teamwork, as this alignment serves to instill job security and reinforce employees' confidence. thereby enhancing their administrative discretion, stimulates creativity and proactivity, and ultimately contributes to a marked improvement in the overall organizational efficiency of the sports institution.
The Algerian Folk Proverb as a Reflection of the Collective Folkloric Heritage
The Algerian folk proverb is regarded as one of the most prominent manifestations of the collective folkloric heritage, owing to its rich semantic density that encapsulates the historical and cultural experience of Algerian society. This article examines the folk proverb as an oral expression rooted in the collective memory, reflecting the system of shared values and perceptions that have shaped the social consciousness over time. The study focuses on the analysis of selected Algerian folk proverbs to reveal their functions in reinforcing values, guiding everyday behavior, and transmitting life experiences across generations. It also highlights the role of the folk proverb in preserving the continuity of the cultural heritage and ensuring its transmission within the social system, particularly in light of the rapid transformations experienced by contemporary society. The study concludes that the Algerian folk proverb is not merely a transient proverbial expression used in daily communication, but rather a fundamental component of the folkloric heritage and an active element in preserving the collective cultural memory.
The Influence of Social Media on Contemporary Visual Arts and Artistic Expression
social media has fundamentally transformed the production, promotion, distribution, and consumption of contemporary visual arts in the twenty-first century. Platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, Pinterest, TikTok, Behance, and X (formerly Twitter) have become influential spaces where artists showcase their work, engage with audiences, build professional networks, and participate in global artistic communities. Unlike traditional art institutions that relied primarily on galleries, museums, and art dealers for public visibility, social media has democratized access to artistic expression by enabling emerging and established artists to reach international audiences directly. This digital transformation has expanded opportunities for creative collaboration, audience participation, cultural exchange, and commercial success while redefining the relationship between artists, collectors, critics, and the public. the influence of social media on contemporary visual arts and artistic expression by exploring its impact on creative practices, artistic identity, audience engagement, digital marketing, and the evolving art market. how social media platforms have encouraged experimentation with digital illustration, photography, video art, animation, mixed media, artificial intelligence-generated art, and interactive visual content. the role of social media in promoting cultural diversity, supporting independent artists, facilitating virtual exhibitions, and strengthening global artistic collaboration.
The Effects of Annulment or Rescission on the Judicial Settlement Agreement
This study examines the legal effects arising from the termination of a judicial settlement agreement, whether through the reopening of bankruptcy proceedings or through the consequences resulting from its rescission or annulment. It explains how bankruptcy proceedings resume, including the debtor's dispossession, the reconstitution of the body of creditors, and the possibility of declaring bankruptcy for a second time. The study also clarifies the limits of the retroactive effect of the termination of the judicial settlement, the continuation of certain guarantees granted to creditors, and the protection of prior transactions and bona fide third parties. Finally, it highlights the legislator's effort to strike a balance between safeguarding creditors' rights and preserving the stability of legal transactions.
Sustainable Art Practices: Eco-Friendly Materials and Environmental Consciousness in Contemporary Art
The growing global concern over climate change, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion has significantly influenced the practices and philosophies of contemporary artists. Sustainable art has emerged as an important movement that integrates environmental responsibility with creative expression by promoting the use of eco-friendly materials, renewable resources, recycled objects, biodegradable media, and environmentally conscious production methods. Contemporary artists increasingly recognize their role in raising public awareness about ecological issues while minimizing the environmental impact of artistic production. Through innovative approaches that combine creativity, sustainability, and social engagement, sustainable art contributes to environmental education, cultural transformation, and the promotion of responsible consumption. the role of sustainable art practices in promoting environmental consciousness within contemporary visual arts. It explores the evolution of eco-art, the adoption of environmentally friendly materials and techniques, and the growing relationship between artistic creativity and sustainable development. the use of recycled materials, natural pigments, biodegradable products, reclaimed wood, bamboo, organic textiles, metal scraps, paper waste, plastic waste, and digital technologies as alternatives to conventional artistic materials. how contemporary artists address environmental themes such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, waste management, biodiversity conservation, renewable energy, and ecological restoration through paintings, sculptures, installations, public art, and multimedia projects.
Presentation Title: Political Parties’ Disputes in Algeria Pursuant to Organic Law No. 26-08
Political parties play a significant role within political life, as they are responsible for activating political action through the formation of individuals and their political socialization. Therefore, the Algerian legislator has addressed this matter through political parties’ laws. A political party begins with the application for establishment, followed by accreditation, and then activity, where it remains in contact with the administration, represented by the Ministry of the Interior, as the authority responsible for all these previous stages. The 2020 constitutional amendment played an important role in introducing amendments that affected the party system, through incorporating the modifications brought by this amendment into the new Political Parties Law, namely Organic Law No. 26-08 , including the establishment of the principle of litigation before two levels of jurisdiction in administrative matters. By referring to Organic Law No. 26-08, it appears that the amendments concerned both the substantive and procedural aspects.
Public Art and Urban Identity: Transforming Cities through Creative Expression
Public art has become an influential element of contemporary urban development, contributing significantly to the cultural, social, and aesthetic transformation of cities. Murals, sculptures, monuments, street art, installations, memorials, digital displays, and interactive artworks have evolved beyond decorative functions to become powerful instruments for shaping urban identity, preserving cultural heritage, encouraging community participation, and enhancing the quality of public spaces. In an era of rapid urbanization and globalization, public art plays a critical role in creating distinctive city identities by reflecting local history, cultural diversity, collective memory, and community values. It also fosters social interaction, civic pride, and inclusive urban environments while supporting cultural tourism and sustainable city development. the relationship between public art and urban identity by exploring how creative expression transforms contemporary cities socially, culturally, economically, and environmentally. the contribution of public art to placemaking, urban regeneration, heritage conservation, community engagement, and cultural sustainability. The diverse forms of public art, including murals, sculptures, environmental installations, performance art, digital public art, and participatory community projects, while assessing their influence on urban aesthetics, public perception, and cultural representation.
The Legal Framework Governing Occupational Health Prevention and Safety in the Workplace Environment in Algeria
Occupational health prevention and workplace safety constitute some of the most important safeguards established by law to protect workers from the various hazards they may encounter while performing their duties. Although work is a means of production and of achieving social and economic stability, it may simultaneously constitute a source of occupational risks affecting workers' health as well as their physical and psychological well-being, particularly in light of the development of production methods and the increasing diversity of machinery and materials used within institutions. The Algerian legislator has attached particular importance to the field of occupational health prevention, workplace safety, and occupational medicine through the enactment of Law No. 88-07 concerning Occupational Health Prevention, Safety, and Occupational Medicine, in addition to complementary regulatory texts, most notably Executive Decree No. 91-05 concerning the general protection rules applicable to health preservation and safety in the workplace, and Executive Decree No. 93-120 concerning the organization of occupational medicine. These legal texts establish a set of obligations incumbent upon the employer, including the provision of occupational health and safety conditions in the workplace, the submission of workers to medical supervision, and compliance with inspections conducted by the Labour Inspectorate.
Art Education in the Digital Age: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Perspectives
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the landscape of art education by reshaping teaching methodologies, learning environments, creative practices, and access to artistic knowledge. Digital tools such as graphic design software, virtual learning platforms, artificial intelligence, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), three-dimensional (3D) modeling, animation, and online collaborative applications have expanded the possibilities of artistic instruction beyond traditional classroom settings. Contemporary art education increasingly integrates digital creativity with conventional artistic techniques, enabling students to develop interdisciplinary skills that respond to the evolving demands of the creative economy. the digital transformation of education presents significant challenges related to technological accessibility, digital literacy, copyright protection, academic integrity, unequal resource distribution, and the preservation of traditional artistic skills.
The Legal Personality of the Surgical Robot
This research falls within the scope of civil law and examines the issue of the legal personality of surgical robots in light of the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence applications in the medical field. It aims to analyze the legal status of surgical robots as intelligent systems possessing varying degrees of autonomy in performing surgical procedures and to assess the adequacy of traditional legal rules in addressing the legal implications arising from their use. Furthermore, the study explores the possibility of granting surgical robots legal personality, thereby enabling them to acquire rights and assume legal obligations, and examines the impact of such recognition on determining legal liability for damages resulting from their operation. The research also reviews the principal jurisprudential and legislative approaches concerning this issue. It concludes that existing legal systems, including Algerian legislation, do not recognize legal personality for surgical robots, thereby necessitating legislative intervention to establish a comprehensive legal framework capable of regulating the use of surgical robots, allocating legal responsibility, and striking an appropriate balance between promoting medical innovation and ensuring the legal protection of patients.
Traditional Crafts and the Creative Economy: Opportunities for Rural Artisans in India
Traditional crafts constitute an integral part of India's rich cultural heritage, reflecting centuries of artistic excellence, indigenous knowledge, regional identities, and community traditions. Handloom weaving, pottery, wood carving, metalwork, stone carving, bamboo crafts, embroidery, block printing, terracotta, basketry, lacquer work, and numerous other handicrafts not only preserve cultural values but also provide sustainable livelihoods for millions of rural artisans. In recent decades, the emergence of the creative economy has created new opportunities for traditional craft sectors by integrating cultural heritage with entrepreneurship, innovation, digital technology, tourism, and global markets. The creative economy recognizes traditional crafts as valuable cultural assets capable of generating employment, promoting inclusive economic growth, reducing rural poverty, and supporting sustainable development while preserving India's diverse artistic traditions.
A Comprehensive Review of Homeopathic Remedies' Clinical Effectiveness
Gathering the results of clinical trials that have investigated the effectiveness of homeopathic medication is the primary objective of this meta-analysis. The medical establishment is still debating whether or not homeopathy, a form of complementary and alternative medicine, is beneficial in treating a range of illnesses. randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses that looked at how well homeopathic remedies worked from 2000 to 2024. Psychological disorders, short-term physical ailments, and chronic health problems are all part of the scope of this study. After controlling for the placebo effect, the data were evaluated to determine the general efficacy, particular indications, and possible adverse effects of homeopathy. Some studies indicated significant improvements in health outcomes when compared to placebo or conventional treatments, while others came to no different conclusions. issues with doing rigorous homeopathy research, patient expectations, and trial quality
Governance of Investment Real Estate between the Requirements of Academic Theorization and the Strategies of Entrepreneurship Houses: An Analytical Study in Light of Ministerial Decision No. 1275
This study examines the governance of investment real estate through a dual analytical lens that combines academic theorization and the practical strategies adopted by Entrepreneurship Houses within university environments. In recent years, the issue of real estate governance has gained increasing importance due to its direct impact on economic development, investment attractiveness, and institutional performance. The research seeks to explore how theoretical frameworks of governance—such as transparency, accountability, efficiency, and sustainability—interact with the operational mechanisms promoted by Entrepreneurship Houses, particularly in the context of supporting innovative projects and facilitating access to investment resources. The study is grounded in the regulatory framework established by Ministerial Decision No. 1275, which aims to strengthen the role of universities in fostering entrepreneurial ecosystems and optimizing the use of available assets, including real estate resources. By adopting an analytical and descriptive methodology, the research evaluates the extent to which governance principles are integrated into real estate investment practices and how Entrepreneurship Houses contribute to bridging the gap between theoretical constructs and field-level implementation. Findings suggest that while academic models provide a robust conceptual foundation for real estate governance, their effective application depends largely on institutional coordination, regulatory clarity, and the strategic involvement of support structures such as Entrepreneurship Houses. These entities play a pivotal role in enhancing governance by promoting innovation, facilitating administrative procedures, and aligning investment projects with broader development objectives. The study concludes that the integration of governance principles within real estate investment strategies, supported by an enabling legal and institutional framework, can significantly improve efficiency, transparency, and sustainability in the management of investment assets.
Arabic Natural Language Processing in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions for Sustainable Digital Education
This study explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) in advancing Arabic language education and strengthening its digital presence. Using descriptive and analytical approaches, it examines the evolution of Arabic NLP technologies and reviews major AI-driven systems developed for Arabic, including CAMeLira, SAMER, and Fanar. The study also highlights the main linguistic and technical challenges facing Arabic, particularly those related to morphology, diacritization, dialectal variation, and the limited availability of high-quality digital resources. The findings indicate that AI offers significant opportunities to improve machine translation, text analysis, speech recognition, and intelligent language learning, thereby enhancing Arabic digital content and supporting its long-term sustainability. However, achieving these goals requires the development of large annotated Arabic corpora, computational models that capture the linguistic and cultural characteristics of Arabic, and stronger interdisciplinary collaboration between linguists and computer scientists to promote sustainable digital education.
The Extension of the Scope of Public Order in Administrative Law: From Traditional Elements to Modern Approaches
This study examines the evolution of the concept of public order in administrative law, from its traditional elements of a material nature to its modern approaches of a moral and immaterial nature, based on jurisprudential, judicial and legislative analysis, with particular focus on the Algerian experience. The study concluded that the three traditional elements (public safety, public health, public tranquility) constituted the fundamental pillar of public order, but they are no longer sufficient to keep pace with societal development, which necessitated the extension of the concept to include modern approaches: moral (public morality and human dignity), economic (market regulation and competition protection), and aesthetic (preserving the beauty and splendor of cities). The judiciary, particularly the French Council of State, has played a prominent role in consolidating these approaches, as did the Algerian constitutional founder in the 2020 amendment. However, this extension has resulted in a significant expansion of the powers of administrative police authorities, necessitating the establishment of clear controls to protect these elements without undermining public freedoms. The study concludes with recommendations aimed at developing the legal framework for public order in Algeria.
Tidikelt in Foreign Sources: Louis Voinot's Tidikelt as a Model
Tidikelt is one of the three major regions of Adrar Province, alongside Touat and Gourara. It is distinguished by its ancient history, rich cultural heritage, and diverse social composition, in addition to its economic prosperity and commercial importance. Among the foreign scholars who significantly contributed to documenting the history of the region is the French researcher Louis Voinot, author of Le Tidikelt, who visited the area at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper aims to present an analytical reading of Voinot's work, which is divided into three principal sections. The first examines the geographical characteristics of Tidikelt, including its geographical and astronomical location, climate, agriculture, and population. The second addresses the historical dimension by providing a concise overview of the history and origins of the principal settlements of Tidikelt, such as In Salah, Aoulef, Aqbli, In Ghar, and others, as well as the earliest tribes that settled in the region. It also discusses the first European attempts to explore Tidikelt. The third section is devoted to the customs and traditions of the region, including hospitality, marriage ceremonies, and the celebration of religious occasions. The book concludes with several valuable appendices.
Applying Artificial Intelligence to Social Media Sentiment Analysis for Immediate Crisis Response
Social media's ability to spread information swiftly during emergencies has pros and cons for real-time crisis response. This article examines sentiment analysis using AI to better social media crisis management. Using machine learning and NLP algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) can analyze massive social media data, estimate public sentiment, identify new issues, and test people's emotions. Classifying emotions in social media messages during crises including public health, social unrest, and natural disasters utilizing AI-powered supervised and unsupervised learning approaches. Context matters for sentiment analysis, and feature extraction and deep learning models improve accuracy. We discuss how real-time sentiment analysis may influence emergency personnel's communication, resource allocation, and crisis judgments. This paper provides case studies and comparative research to demonstrate how AI might help us act swiftly and confidently on community sentiment in crisis response. Our findings emphasize the need to keep studying sentiment analysis approaches to ensure they perform reliably in the turbulent social media landscape of events.
The Mentality of Scenic Representation of the Painting in Waciny Laredj’s Layliyāt Ramāda
The poetics of novelistic language has taken the mentality of cognitive representation as a foundational premise, whose ramifications contemporary Algerian fiction has articulated through a sharp perceptual consciousness. Within this framework, knowledge is organised around the structural polarities of the self, in accordance with sensory complexities related to totalities. These complexities simulate configurations of disclosure through a deliberate selectivity that investigates singularity and compelling intuitive practices within a synchronic mode of description. Such description encompasses activated incantatory patterns whose persuasive force nourishes the scene representationally, through a performative language in which echoes become intertwined as forms of presence, reverberating repeatedly within the hollows of the self as it seeks evidence of its own fracture through a voice that restrains its fragmentation and is guided towards possible meanings by the symbolism of iconic language. In this way, the self conceals its resistance through condensation and containment within textual sequences. The aesthetic imprints of these sequences are reflected through an effect that draws the unattainable into the linearity of grammatology, the science of writing, which casts its shadow over the sign and the principle of fixed centrality. The sign thus moves from the metaphysical to the visible, transcending the fragile considerations of spectrality and the marginality of the transient visible. It thereby brings entities together within a spectral oscillation capable of establishing a visual mode of communication in which relations reverberate inversely and contradictions move through epistemological labyrinths of correspondence. The state of loss here is therefore a form of wandering that establishes the elements of absence within an identity-bound captivity, borrowing its descriptive configuration from unlimited plural forms of otherness that destabilise the associated singularity once the manifestations of difference are acknowledged. Signifying language establishes the grounds of its consciousness by legitimising its representation within novelistic discourse, insofar as it constitutes a reflective substitution that insistently affects the formal configuration of the text. The painting itself performatively organises this tendency, as the novelistic work is marked by a communicative language that establishes a pragmatic textual aesthetic and sustains the text's structural axis. This study examines the mentality of the painting's scenic representation in Waciny Laredj’s Layliyāt Ramāda. Such representation constitutes a dialogic tendency that explores the scenic deployment of iconic language, guided by the semiotics of the visible and by its tense reverberation, which provokes questioning. This is investigated through a hermeneutic approach whose dramatic orientation brings the conflicts generated by the changing visible into focus, through a performative procedure that draws upon the pragmatics of analysis in order to reveal the functional significance of the painting’s possible indicators. The features of the painting are textually constituted within an intermedial trajectory that derives its energy from the art of painting, a visual art shaped by the gnosis of presence and embodied through signs of linguistic insight. This linguistic insight is guided by a chromatic mask that resists effacement and exclusion through textual certitude. Within this configuration, the brush is present through a dialectical aesthetic consciousness, while remaining procedurally concealed within the folds of the text; it consequently becomes connected to the unruly absent and to the movement of the referential trace through both illusion and embodiment.
Production Utilizing Digital Twin Technology: AI-Powered Predictive Upkeep
Digital twin technology is democratizing manufacturing by establishing digital twins of physical assets. This allows for optimization, simulation, and real-time monitoring of processes. optimization of preventative maintenance schedules with the integration of digital twins and AI. By utilizing data collected from sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices embedded in physical assets, manufacturers may anticipate equipment faults using AI-driven analytics, thereby reducing maintenance costs and downtime. AI techniques include algorithms for machine learning and deep learning, which analyze both historical and real-time data to identify patterns or anomalies that may indicate imminent failure. Additionally, the article delves into the effects of digital twins on data-driven decision-making, optimization of maintenance schedules, and visualization of machine health. Case studies demonstrate the effective implementation of AI-driven predictive maintenance in various production environments thru the use of digital twin technology. transformative potential of this technology to enhance the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of production processes. The report concludes by highlighting the significance of ongoing research and development of digital twin technology for its improved application in predictive maintenance within the industrial sector.
The Use of Scientific Research Tools in Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Media and Communication Sciences
Research in media and communication sciences relies on a set of tools widely used in scholarly articles, academic books, and theses. Empirical, or quantitative, research depends on numerical data, statistics, percentages, and related measures, whereas qualitative research depends on reading, analysis, and reasoned interpretation. The principal tools used in these approaches are scientific observation, the research interview, the questionnaire, and content analysis. This article examines each tool in terms of its definition, characteristics, distinctive features, significance and objectives, procedures, advantages, and disadvantages.
Integrating Ayurvedic Remedies into Pediatric Treatment
A unique perspective on holistic medical treatment for children is offered by integrating Ayurvedic medicine with standard pediatric care. the basic principles, worries about hazards, and potential benefits of incorporating Ayurvedic therapies into pediatric healthcare. Pediatric healthcare must be comprehensive and individualized to address the vast array of children's medical needs. Ayurveda, a traditional medical practise with its roots in India, offers an option that has endured and continues to put the focus on the whole well-being of the child. exploring the potential benefits for children's health and development, the fundamental principles that guide treatment, the utilization of Ayurvedic drugs in pediatric care, and the critical safety issues.
Al eading and effective environmental partnership can only be achieved if the public enjoys the right to information and awareness, allowing them to understand the environmental situation and any new developments. This knowledge is essential to take the necessary actions to protect against potential threats. Environmental partnership requires the diversification of rights in different environment al areas, including chemicals and the ozone layer. However, this right often encounters obstacles when administrations refuse to provide citizens with environmental information under the pretex to professional secrecy, which they use asa n excuse to monopolize decision-making in environmental matters. In addition, citizens may refrain from seeking environmental information due to a lack of awareness of these issues or the barriers that impede access to environmental information.
Climate-Responsive Architecture for Sustainable Urban Development
Rapid urbanization and climate change are increasing pressure on cities to create buildings and public spaces that remain comfortable, resource-efficient, and resilient under changing environmental conditions. Climate-responsive architecture addresses these challenges by adapting building form, orientation, materials, shading, ventilation, landscape, and urban planning to local climatic conditions. This paper examines the role of climate-responsive architecture in supporting sustainable urban development, with emphasis on passive design, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, urban greenery, water-sensitive planning, local materials, and climate resilience. Climate-responsive strategies can reduce dependence on mechanical cooling and heating while improving indoor and outdoor environmental quality. At the urban scale, the integration of vegetation, shaded public spaces, permeable surfaces, appropriate building density, and climate-sensitive street design can help address heat stress and stormwater challenges. The paper argues that climate responsiveness should be considered from the earliest stages of architectural and urban planning rather than added after design decisions have been made. Successful implementation requires site-specific climatic analysis, interdisciplinary planning, appropriate technologies, supportive policies, local knowledge, and post-occupancy evaluation. Climate-responsive architecture therefore provides an important pathway toward urban environments that are more energy-efficient, comfortable, adaptable, and resilient.
Content Analysis of the Physical Education Curriculum in Primary Schools (Analysis of Health-Related Physical Fitness Components)
This study examined the representation and distribution of Health-Related Physical Fitness (HRF) components within the primary school physical education curriculum using quantitative descriptive content analysis. The analysis covered the cognitive and knowledge-related content across all five primary grades and employed a structured content analysis instrument to identify five HRF components: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. The word served as the unit of analysis. Content validity was assessed through expert review using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR), while reliability was established through inter-rater agreement (Holsti’s coefficient = 0.92) and test–retest reliability over a 30-day interval (98% agreement). A total of 66 HRF-related references were identified, comprising 48 explicit and 18 implicit references. Cardiorespiratory endurance was the most frequently represented component (28.8%, n = 19), followed by flexibility (24.2%, n = 16), muscular endurance (21.2%, n = 14), muscular strength (16.7%, n = 11), and body composition (9.1%, n = 6). Although all five HRF components were represented, their distribution was uneven, with greater explicit representation of cardiorespiratory endurance and flexibility than of muscular strength and body composition. These findings indicate that the curriculum provides a partial rather than fully balanced representation of health-related physical fitness. Future curriculum revisions should therefore strengthen the explicit representation of all HRF components, improve their developmental sequencing across the primary grades, and consider alignment with internationally recognized physical education frameworks.
Public Life in China Through the Books of Geographers and Countrymen During the Middle Ages
Geographical encyclopedias documented accounts of China from early Muslim merchants and travelers, such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Battuta, who resided in its cities for extended periods. They grew fond of the region, purchasing land, constructing buildings and settling there permanently. These records provide a rich history of political, economic, and social events, with particular emphasis on customs and traditions. Examining public life in China is crucial for understanding the lifestyles and experiences of the Chinese people, while also highlighting shared characteristics with the people of India. We will explore the following aspects: - The origin of the name- Religion and belief- Social life of the Chinese people- Aspects of tolerance between Muslims and the Chinese people
The Role of Ayurveda in Preventive Healthcare and Disease Management
Ayurveda is a traditional Indian system of health knowledge that places considerable emphasis on maintaining health, lifestyle balance, diet, daily routines, and individualized approaches to well-being. Preventive healthcare focuses on reducing health risks, encouraging healthy behaviours, and identifying problems before they become severe. This paper examines the role of Ayurveda in preventive healthcare and disease management, with attention to lifestyle practices, nutrition, daily routines, preventive awareness, herbal traditions, stress management, individualized care, integration with modern healthcare, and contemporary challenges. Ayurvedic approaches may encourage individuals to take an active role in maintaining healthy routines and recognizing changes in their well-being. Traditional dietary and lifestyle practices may complement broader preventive health behaviours when used appropriately. However, Ayurveda should not be considered a substitute for scientifically established diagnosis, vaccination, screening, emergency treatment, or disease-specific medical care. Evidence for individual Ayurvedic interventions varies, and some herbal products may create safety risks or interact with medicines. The paper argues that Ayurveda can contribute to discussions of preventive health as a traditional and cultural framework, while responsible disease management requires evidence-informed healthcare and qualified professional guidance.
The Influence of Regular Yoga Practice on Quality of Life
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept involving physical functioning, psychological well-being, social relationships, vitality, sleep, and the ability to participate in everyday activities. Regular yoga practice has attracted increasing attention as a lifestyle approach that combines physical movement, breathing, relaxation, and mindful awareness. This paper examines the influence of regular yoga practice on quality of life, focusing on physical functioning, mental well-being, stress, sleep, vitality, social participation, healthy ageing, chronic health conditions, and sustained lifestyle behaviour. Research suggests that yoga can improve several health-related quality-of-life outcomes, particularly in older adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 randomized controlled trials found benefits in perceived physical and mental health, sleep quality, vitality, and depression compared with inactive controls. Another systematic review of 12 trials in adults aged 60 years and older reported a medium effect on health-related quality of life and a small effect on mental well-being.  Evidence is not uniform across all populations, and recent research indicates that benefits may be more apparent in the short term when yoga is compared with passive controls than when compared with active exercise. The paper argues that regular yoga can be a useful complementary component of healthy living, while outcomes depend on practice characteristics, individual needs, adherence, and appropriate safety measures.
Environmental Governance: Legal, Economic, and Historical Dimensions and Its Role in Promoting Sustainable Economic Development
The peoples of the world aspire to achieve broad levels of development and now its dimensions, especially health and economic, due to the intelligent connection between these dimensions and their impact on the rest of the health, sports, and cultural dimensions, especially in the modern era, where technology has reached an unparalleled level of development, with awareness, universality, universality, and economic awareness, since the environment and effective development are human rights and are closely linked at all times. This requires compassionate efforts on the part of states, and women are obligated to meet the needs mentioned in the Qur’an. Given the importance of our legal topic, which we adopt, we aim through it to identify commercial and economic rights in order to integrate them with this, on the one hand, and to determine their role in achieving economic development and investment in order to answer the main problem, which is: What is the meaning of turbo? What are its legal and economic dimensions? What is its role in promoting breakthrough economic development? We mean by the extent of the ability of shareholders to confront the most important small issues, except the problem of pollution, and then various global phenomena that exhaust countries and women, and to judge the extent of their success in controlling the commitment to the highest arbitration and leadership of the minority and eliminating the problems of development, poverty and attrition. We will address all of the above through the following two axes: The first axis: environmental and agricultural rights for agricultural integration The second axis: The role of suburbs in economic development for sustainability
The Influence of Yoga on Emotional Balance and Self-Awareness
Emotional balance and self-awareness are important dimensions of psychological well-being because they influence how individuals recognize, understand, and respond to thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and everyday challenges. Yoga is a mind-body practice that commonly combines physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, relaxation, and mindful attention. This paper examines the influence of yoga on emotional balance and self-awareness, focusing on mindfulness, body awareness, emotional regulation, stress management, self-compassion, psychological well-being, interpersonal awareness, daily practice, and safe integration with professional care. Research suggests that yoga may support psychological well-being and selected positive mental-health outcomes, although findings are not uniform. A meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials among healthy adults found a significant improvement in psychological well-being compared with no active control, but not when yoga was compared with physical activity, and found no significant overall effects on mindfulness or life satisfaction. citeturn0search0 A systematic review of modern postural yoga found improvements in several positive mental-health indicators across many studies, while emphasizing methodological limitations. citeturn0search3 More recent evidence also indicates that yoga can reduce stress and anxiety, although certainty varies. citeturn0search5 The paper argues that yoga can provide a useful framework for developing emotional awareness and self-reflection, but should be viewed as a complementary practice rather than a universal psychological treatment.
Learning and Teaching in the Digital Age Using the ELMED Platform in Preparing Baccalaureate Students: A Field Study in Bechar, Algeria
This study examines the role of digital learning platforms in contemporary education, with a specific focus on the use of the ELMED platform in preparing Baccalaureate students in Bechar, Algeria. The research adopts a quantitative approach to investigate students’ learning practices and perceptions regarding the platform’s educational value. It was conducted with a sample of 90 Baccalaureate students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed to explore patterns of use, perceived benefits, and challenges associated with the platform. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. Findings indicate that the ELMED platform plays a significant supportive role in students’ exam preparation by enhancing access to learning materials, promoting autonomous learning, and improving overall engagement with academic content. However, the results also reveal several constraints, including limited internet access, varying levels of digital literacy, and motivational difficulties among some learners. The study concludes that while digital platforms such as ELMED constitute valuable supplementary educational tools, their effectiveness depends on addressing infrastructural and pedagogical challenges. The findings contribute to a better understanding of digital learning adoption in secondary education within the Algerian context.
Human Homeostasis and Its Importance for Maintaining Health
Homeostasis is the ability of the human body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the external and internal environment. Regulation of temperature, blood glucose, blood pressure, pH, fluid balance, and electrolyte concentrations depends on coordinated nervous, endocrine, renal, respiratory, and cardiovascular mechanisms. Homeostatic regulation is essential for normal cellular function and health. This paper examines nine major dimensions of human homeostasis, including feedback systems, thermoregulation, glucose regulation, blood pressure, acid-base balance, fluid balance, calcium regulation, physiological adaptation, and disease.
The Physical, Mental, and Educational Effects of Training Programs on Developing Various Skills Among Volleyball Players: An Experimental Study at A School Club.
The current study aimed to propose a training program to develop the resistance trait and its impact on developing the blocking technique for school volleyball players. This topic was chosen in order to highlight the great importance played by the proposed training programs based on sound scientific foundations in raising the skill and physical level of the players. This study also focused on highlighting the role of the coach in choosing the best training programs used to reach the required levels and identifying the reality of preparing and forming the younger volleyball categories at the level of Bouira State and revealing their strengths and weaknesses. As for the methodological aspect, the researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research and the research community represented in the clubs active in the Bouira State Volleyball Association
Genetic Engineering and Its Applications in Modern Agriculture
Genetic engineering has become an important component of modern agricultural biotechnology, allowing researchers to introduce, modify, silence, or precisely alter genes associated with desirable plant and animal traits. Agricultural genetic engineering has been used to develop crops with resistance to insects and diseases, tolerance to selected environmental stresses, improved nutritional characteristics, and changes in agronomic performance. Modern genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-based systems, have expanded these possibilities by enabling targeted modifications without necessarily introducing foreign DNA. This paper examines nine major applications of genetic engineering in agriculture, including crop improvement, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, nutritional enhancement, abiotic-stress tolerance, genome editing, livestock biotechnology, and sustainability. It also considers biosafety, regulation, public acceptance, and future directions in agricultural biotechnology.
Social Communication Culture as a Mechanism for Strengthening Social and Organisational Values among Institutional Actors A Socio-Communicative Approach
This study examines and analyses the social dimension of communication culture within the institution, considering it a central mechanism for disseminating and reinforcing social and organisational values such as professional commitment, professional conscience, discipline, cooperation, and teamwork among institutional actors. These actors include the administration, with its various branches and structural divisions; employees, organised according to the established functional hierarchy; and the different work teams within the institution. The study adopts a socio-communicative approach, which involves linking social dimensions, such as relationships, roles, and interactions, with communicative dimensions, including both formal and informal communication channels. This approach seeks to understand how everyday communication is constructed within the institution and to examine its role in shaping behaviours and fostering shared values among institutional actors. Therefore, the culture of social communication should not be understood merely as a mode of communication or as a framework for the exchange of information. Rather, it constitutes a fundamental mechanism for promoting social cohesion, organisational harmony, and institutional performance across all components of the institution.
Medical Research: Evolution, Methodology, Ethics, and Its Role in Improving Modern Healthcare
Medical research is a fundamental component of modern healthcare because it generates scientific evidence required to understand diseases, improve diagnosis, develop effective treatments, strengthen prevention strategies, and enhance the quality of life of individuals and communities. The field encompasses a broad range of activities, including basic biomedical research, clinical research, epidemiological investigations, translational studies, health-services research, and population-based research. Contemporary medical research increasingly integrates advanced technologies such as genomics, artificial intelligence, digital health, precision medicine, medical imaging, and large-scale health databases. These developments have created new opportunities for improving healthcare while simultaneously introducing methodological, ethical, regulatory, and privacy-related challenges. High-quality medical research requires clearly formulated research questions, scientifically appropriate study designs, reliable data collection, valid statistical analysis, transparent reporting, and responsible interpretation of findings. Research involving human participants must additionally protect autonomy, dignity, privacy, safety, and welfare. The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki establishes internationally recognized ethical principles for research involving human participants, while the World Health Organization emphasizes ethical review, informed consent, risk-benefit assessment, justice, and scientific validity. Recent approaches to clinical trials also increasingly emphasize patient-centered research, inclusiveness, transparency, proportionate oversight, and international collaboration. This paper examines the meaning and scope of medical research, major research approaches, the research process, evidence-based medicine, technological transformation, research ethics, challenges, and future directions. It argues that the future of medical research depends not only on scientific innovation but also on methodological rigor, ethical responsibility, equitable participation, data governance, reproducibility, and effective translation of scientific discoveries into healthcare practice.
Manifestations of Interdisciplinarity in Ibn Tufayl al-Andalusi’s Hayy ibn Yaqzan (d. 581 AH)
The story of "Hayy ibn Yaqzan" by Ibn Tufayl al-Andalusi is one of the greatest timeless works in human heritage in general and Islamic heritage in particular. Interdisciplinarity is clearly manifested within its narrative structure. Ibn Tufayl demonstrates features of human cognitive thought by highlighting the generic intersection between philosophy and literature and revealing the cognitive interconnections among different modes of human thinking. Accordingly, this study sheds light on narrative art in the Islamic heritage by examining the relationship between storytelling and philosophy. It investigates how the philosopher adopted the narrative form as a means of communication through which he conveyed his epistemological theories and philosophical ideas. It also examines how storytelling opened itself to epistemological theories and assimilated them both artistically and intellectually. All this is explored through an analysis of interdisciplinarity and its manifestations in Ibn Tufayl's story "Hayy ibn Yaqzan."
The Effect of a Proposed Training Program Using Different Training Surface Types on the Explosive Strength of the Lower Limbs in Sprint Athletes Aged 14–15 Years
This field study aimed to investigate the effect of a proposed training program on the explosive strength of the lower limbs among sprint athletes aged 14–15 years. The same training program was implemented on two different training surfaces: a sandy surface and a flat, hard surface. The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The study sample consisted of 12 sprinters from the Tahadi Oued El Alenda Athletics Club, who were purposively selected. The training program was applied over a period of three consecutive months. The findings revealed that the proposed training program had a positive effect on improving the explosive strength of the lower limbs. Furthermore, the type of training surface significantly influenced the development of lower-limb explosive strength among the participants.
AutoML and the Automation of Machine Learning: Advances, Challenges and Future Research Directions
Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) has emerged as an important research direction within artificial intelligence, seeking to automate key stages of the machine learning lifecycle and reduce the technical and computational barriers associated with developing predictive models. Conventional machine learning often requires substantial expertise in data preprocessing, feature engineering, algorithm selection, hyperparameter optimization, model evaluation, and deployment. AutoML addresses these challenges by developing systems capable of automatically searching, selecting, and optimizing machine learning pipelines according to predefined objectives. This research paper examines the evolution, architecture, major techniques, applications, advantages, challenges, and future directions of AutoML. Particular attention is given to automated data preprocessing, feature engineering, model selection, hyperparameter optimization, neural architecture search, ensemble construction, and pipeline optimization. The paper also examines important optimization strategies underlying AutoML, including Bayesian optimization, evolutionary algorithms, reinforcement learning, and meta-learning. Applications across healthcare, finance, manufacturing, education, cybersecurity, marketing, and scientific research demonstrate the potential of AutoML to democratize machine learning and improve development efficiency. However, widespread adoption remains constrained by computational requirements, search-space complexity, data quality, model interpretability, reproducibility, fairness, security, and the difficulty of aligning automated optimization with real-world objectives. The paper argues that AutoML should not be understood simply as a replacement for data scientists but as a framework for augmenting human expertise and automating repetitive aspects of machine learning development. Future research is expected to focus on resource-efficient AutoML, explainable AutoML, trustworthy and fairness-aware optimization, continual and online AutoML, federated AutoML, multimodal learning, and AutoML for foundation models and generative artificial intelligence. The continued development of these approaches could transform machine learning from a highly specialized technical activity into a more accessible, scalable, and systematically optimized process.
Teaching Physical and Sports Education in Primary Schools in Remote Areas with Small Enrolments: Its Implications for Teaching Skills – A Field Study in Tissemsilt Province
This study aims to investigate the reality of teaching physical and sports education at the primary school level, particularly in remote areas characterized by small pupil enrolments. Given the nature of the study, a descriptive methodology was adopted. The study sample consisted of 50 teachers from various primary schools located in remote areas of Tissemsilt Province. Data were collected using a systematically developed questionnaire comprising 26 items distributed across three dimensions: planning, implementation, and assessment. The data were processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The main findings revealed that teachers face difficulties in planning and implementing physical and sports education lessons, whereas no significant difficulties were found in the assessment process. Based on these findings, the study proposes a set of recommendations and suggestions, including the need to integrate different educational stages within these institutions and to provide the necessary spaces, facilities, and resources for the effective implementation of physical and sports education lessons.